аЯрЁБс>ўџ (*ўџџџ'џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС` №П4bjbjц‡ц‡ 4„э„э4 џџџџџџЄььььььь&d6666J Šg Жbbbbb===ц ш ш ш ш ш ш $ h…Š ь ==  ььbbл! f f f  .ьbьbц f  ц f f ььf bV №№‡b€СШ60 "f Ъ 7 0g f R f ьf d= нrf O\ЋW=== \ ===g     ŠŠ$ЎФrФŠŠЎr"ььььььџџџџ A Remarkable Effort to test the Concept of Electrical Power Generation from Co-produced Oil Field Geothermal Waters W. Gosnold, M. Mann, H. Salefar, Zheng-Wen Zeng School of Engineering and Mines, University of North Dakota In response to the US Department of Energy FOA on Electrical Power Generation from Co-produced Oil Field Geothermal Waters, the University of North Dakota formed an engineering team that included a geophysicist, a chemical engineer, an electrical engineer, and a petroleum engineer, and developed collaborations with the North Dakota Geological Survey, Encore Acquisition, Ormat, and West Plains Electric Cooperative. Although the principal interest in the DOE FOA was to demonstrate the feasibility of adapting organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology to generate electricity using oil field waste waters, our vision reached farther into the potential outcomes of the project. The amount of geothermal energy contained in oil and gas producing sedimentary basins is orders of magnitude greater than the energy requirements of the U.S., but it is largely untapped. Every year, the US oil and gas industry produces about 2 x 1012 gallons of “waste” water at temperatures sufficient for electrical power generation using ORC technology. Estimates of the energy that could be generated from co-produced U.S. oil field waste waters range from 4,590 to 21,933 MWe depending on the temperature of the resource. Generation of electrical power using co-produced fluids from oil wells has great potential to be a significant, sustainable, and environmentally green energy resource. In particular, ORC power generation from geothermal waters could provide a means to significantly reduce the amount of CO2 produced during electrical power generation. If large-scale development proves feasible and economical, energy companies could re-develop abandoned or capped resources, and electrical power generated from geothermal waters could become a major component of the nations’ electrical power supply. We also saw the critical need to establish a path for technology transfer from this project so that its maximum potential can be attained. Consequently we have included objectives of technology transfer, information dissemination, and training of engineers who would contribute to the growth of this widely available energy resource. +tuЄФрст \ ] ^ } ˜ §  6 U W ^ ‚ … И Л Ц Ч Ы к " ˆ € љяузвЪТКГЉГЉЂГЂГ˜Г˜‘ŠГЂ˜ƒ|ukaЂWhETЬhsxЦ\]hETЬhLП\]hETЬhl`;\] hETЬhLП hETЬhl`; hETЬhџ1 hз#\] hКwх\]hETЬhS\] hsxЦ\]hЬwzhЬwz\] hЬwz\]hETЬhџ15hETЬhETЬ5h]UщhnР5 hnР5hЬwzhnР5mHsHhЬwzhЬwz5mHsHh]UщhnР5>* hЬwz5>*tЄрст4їччззЪ „а7$8$H$`„аgdsxЦ$„а7$8$H$`„аa$gdџ1$„а7$8$H$`„аa$gdnР$a$gdnР4§€ ‚ ф щ ЛМъы"$хѕ§q~†ŽЬ№4єъуъиъуъуъбубубубубу h'.Ѓ\]hETЬhsxЦH*\] hsxЦ\]hETЬhsxЦ\]hETЬhsxЦH*\]21h:pbrGАа/ Ар=!А "А # $ %ААаАа а†œ@@ёџ@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DA@ђџЁD Default Paragraph FontRi@ѓџГR  Table Normalі4ж l4жaі (k@єџС(No ListFV@ЂёF ЂgFollowedHyperlink >*B* ph€€4 џџџџ џџ z™4 tЄрст6 $Ќ$Ќ$Ќ$Ќ$Ќ$Ќ6 š0€€8MtЄрст6 ˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€tЄрст6 š@0€€јŠ00˜0€€˜0€€š0€€€š@0€€h€€ 4 4 4 №8№@ёџџџ€€€ї№’№№0№( № №№B №S №ПЫџ ?№џџ ЊЬ(Мm ЋЬ(l ­Ь(Dl Єp4\ƒ ЎЬ(L} гp4Фy дp4„y Эp4Dz бp4z Яp4„z вp4 x ЄЎХХг!!SS//6   ЊЙЯпп%%UU336  9 *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€place€= *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags €PlaceType€= *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags €PlaceName€B *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€country-region€ ЄKѕ  tuwЄfi6 tЃmo6 :6 6 SхR‚`Ђgз#SыiR=L Ž- џ1™C+F:Ћ[)Г *d34p5yU5ъB7’I7l`;v<ŠO=brG MƒwQє)S„fSt Xм@Zњ4[‚cV9hHhъj^Ck@epХuѓrvЬwz'~3?еJ€Ў$„ф'ˆ\№eЩX– —ы[œ'.ЃS7ЅЈЈaЎs5ЎCЏ§wА+MВNyЖtrКLПnРoRУј"ФsxЦKqШETЬJ]ЯМ.в„Aгт6о$пЂHт :фКwхЕ'щЈHщ’яЈ5яЗbёyѓо{ѓКPѕs*њt6 џ@€3 3 мTt993 3 4 P@џџUnknownџџџџџџџџџџџџG‡z €џTimes New Roman5€Symbol3& ‡z €џArial"qˆ№аhЄщХ†ЅщХ†­вЗ†_е_е!№  ДД>40 0  3ƒq№HX)№џ?фџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџъj2џџHelp from anyone on this Will Gosnold Will Gosnoldўџр…ŸђљOhЋ‘+'Гй0Є˜ Фашє (4 T ` l x„Œ”œфHelp from anyone on thisWill GosnoldNormalWill Gosnold3Microsoft Office Word@Œ†G@ць›ЯЧ@ащ*€СШ@­N€СШ_еўџеЭеœ.“—+,љЎ0 hp”œЄЌ ДМФЬ д љф University of North Dakota0 и Help from anyone on this Title ўџџџўџџџўџџџ !"#$%&ўџџџ§џџџ)ўџџџўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџRoot Entryџџџџџџџџ РFА/Ђb€СШ+€1TableџџџџџџџџWordDocumentџџџџџџџџ4SummaryInformation(џџџџDocumentSummaryInformation8џџџџџџџџџџџџCompObjџџџџџџџџџџџџqџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџ џџџџ РFMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8є9Вq